Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction and inflammation, primarily caused by smoking but also linked to indoor air pollution, occupational exposures, and genetic factors. These triggers lead to airway damage, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and fibrosis. COPD affects 392 million people worldwide, causing 3.23 million deaths annually, with the majority of cases in low- and middle-income countries. Household air pollution from biomass fuels significantly contributes to the burden, particularly among women and children in these regions.
COPD often coexists with conditions like cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, depression, and lung cancer, complicating its management. Smoking cessation is the most effective way to slow progression, reduce symptoms, and lower mortality. Tobacco control measures, including the WHO MPOWER framework, aim to reduce exposure and support cessation. New tobacco products like e-cigarettes and heated tobacco also pose risks to lung health. Addressing early-life exposures, environmental risks, and promoting robust cessation efforts are critical to reducing COPD’s global impact and protecting vulnerable populations.
Reference: Lu W, Aarsand R, Schotte K, et al. Tobacco and COPD: presenting the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Knowledge Summary. Respir Res. 2024;25(1):338. doi: 10.1186/s12931-024-02961-5.
